being面面观(七)being的称呼：动名词/ 现在分词
语法书说，动名词（Gerunds）的功能是充当名词，现在分词（Present Participles）的功能是充当形容词或表示进行态等等。其实也可以说：动名词是一种广义的名词，是指在整个句中充当名词成分，包括名词，名词性短语，名词性从句，充当名词成分的动宾结构等；而现在分词充当的形容词也是广义形容词，其中包括用作形容词的非谓语动词、定语从句等。
一、动名词
1.动名词在句子中被赋予名词属性，充当主语、表语、宾语(动宾、介宾)、定语等
主语：Seeing is believing.
百闻不如一见。
Hiking can be a relaxing and rewarding activity.
徒步旅行可以是一项放松和有益的活动。
It will be no use crying for help and sympathy.
哭着请求帮助和同情是没有用的。
It has been a pleasure meeting you.
很高兴见到你。
Traveling the world has been my lifelong dream.
环游世界一直是我一生的梦想。
表语：What I really like is travelling to other countries.
我真正喜欢的是去其他国家旅行。
My passion is teaching.
我的激情在教学。
比较：The news is exciting.(现在分词作表语)
那条消息让人兴奋。
宾语：Jill suggested going for a drink.
吉尔建议去喝一杯。
I enjoy eating at restaurants, but Henry prefers cooking at home.
我喜欢在餐馆吃饭，但亨利更喜欢在家做饭。
He denied being married.
他否认已婚。
I hate being lied to.
我讨厌被骗了。
I could not help telling the secrets of their plan.
我忍不住说出了他们计划的秘密。
They are looking forward to meeting you later.
他们期待着以后能见到你。
Could you give up smoking?
你能戒烟吗？
I got a ticket for speeding.
我收到了一张超速驾驶的罚单。
He complained of having been unjustly accused.
他抱怨自己受到了不公正的指控。
We had no drinking water left.
我们已经没有饮用水了。
I am going to the swimming pool for practising swimming.
我要去游泳池练习游泳。
He'll skin you alive for being late for five minutes.
如果你迟到5分钟,他就会严厉申斥你。
A few years after his graduation from a university the man acquired the reputation of being a philosopher.
这个人从大学毕业后不久就获得了哲学家的名声。
Actors have the reputation of being highly temperamental.
演员的性情变幻无常是众所周知的。
定语：The sleeping bags helped us survive the severity of the coldness.
那些睡袋帮助我们度过了严寒。
比较：The sleeping baby(: the baby that is sleeping) is only 3 months old.
那个正在睡觉的婴儿只有3个月大。
2、物主代词宾语、宾格代词宾语、名词普通格宾语、名词所有格宾语，也是动名词
I can't stand people smoking near me.
我受不了有人在我身边抽烟。
Your staying here to help your friend was a good decision.
你住在这里来帮助你的朋友是一个很好的决定。
Mark's getting good marks in English made his teachers happy.
马克的英语好成绩让他的老师们很高兴。
I had not anticipated my son's arriving so early.
我没有预料到我儿子会这么早来。
I did not like her singing that song.
我不喜欢她唱那首歌。
Everybody appreciated his coming and staying here to support his friend.
每个人都很感激他的到来和住在这里来支持他的朋友。
Please forgive our talking too much at the party.
请原谅我们在聚会上说得太多了。
I think you didn't mind my borrowing your book.
我想你并不介意我借你的书。
Nobody liked his going away leaving his father alone.
没有人喜欢他离开留下他的父亲独自一人。
You can't rely on the weather being fine for anything you plan in England.
在英国你无论计划干什么事都不要指望会碰上好天气。
Besides the acting being true to life, the singing was splendid.
不但动作十分逼真, 演唱也极为出色。
That day I loved her talking and smiling.
那天，我喜欢她的说话和微笑。
3、动名词常见搭配
The boys went swimming in the river.
男孩们去河里游泳了。
They are going fishing in the river.
他们要去河里钓鱼。
I will do some reading with my friend.
我会和我的朋友一起读点书。
(There is )No parking.
不准停车。
By then, Steve was having a hard time remembering the names of some of his friends.
到那时，史蒂夫已经很难记住他的一些朋友的名字了。
Their plan had some difficulties in being in operation.
他们在执行计划时遇到一些困难。
People from different countries usually have much trouble in understanding each other.
来自不同国家的人通常很难相互理解。
Having a good command of English is a must.
掌握良好的英语是必须的。
On hearing the unexpected news, he was so astonished as not to say anything.
一听到这个意外的消息，他就惊讶得什么也没说。
The novel is well worth a second reading.
这本小说很值得再读。
There is no point (in) quarreling about the trifle.
为这件小事争吵没有意义。
It’s no good reasoning with the stubborn man.
跟那个固执的人理论没有用。
It’s a waster of time spending days watching such boring programme as this.
花几天时间看这样无聊的节目浪费时间。
二、现在分词
动名词具备名词的概念和语法作用，可以作主语，故“主系表”结构颠倒而语义不变：Being honest is the good policy./The good policy Being honest现在分词不具备名词功能，所以无法成为句子的主语
She is looking after children. （进行时态，现在分词）
Looking after children is she. ？
Her job is looking after children.（主系表，动名词）
/Looking after children is her job.
现在分词的主要功能是充当谓语的进行时态，非谓语中作定语、状语等
进行时态：
I wasn't listening.
我没在听。
What have you been doing?
你一直在做什么？
You must be joking.
你一定在开玩笑。
I happened to be passing your house.
我碰巧正经过你的房子。
The story is being whispered about.
这事正到处被人私下传开。
The rainforest is being systematically destroyed.
雨林正被系统地毀灭。
定语：The survey revealed some worrying results.
调查显示了一些令人担忧的结果。
The results of the survey were/seemed worrying.
调查的结果似乎令人担忧。
The man driving the car was not injured.
开车的人没有受伤。
比较：A. The singing birds brought us much joy.
鸣唱着的小鸟给我们带来很多欢乐。
（现在分词singing作定语,描述一个正在发生的动作）
B.The singing room is on the 7th floor.
歌咏室在7楼。
（动名词singing作定语,描述一种功能）
状语：Tom lost his keys walking through the park.
汤姆穿过公园时丢了钥匙。
No one is born being good at all things.
没有人天生就擅长一切事情。
Having nothing left to do, Henry went home.
亨利已无事可做，就回家了。
Little boys, being what they are, might decide to play on it.
出于天性，小男孩们可能会决定利用这一点。
It being a Sunday, the old men had the day off.
因为是星期天，所以老人都休息。
I could feel the wind blowing on my face.
我能感觉到风吹着我的脸。
表语：My job is interesting.
我的工作很有趣。
(现在分词作表语表示主语的性质和特征)
My job is teaching. / Teaching is my job.
我的工作是教书。/ 教书就是我的工作。
(动名词作表语对主语内容进一步说明和解释)
补足语：She looked at him waiting there.
她瞧着他等在那里。
The arrival of the police sent the robbers running away quickly.
警察的到来使强盗们四处逃窜。
He was found lying on the floor.
有人发现他躺在地上。
I saw him being carried away on a stretcher.
我看见他被人用担架抬走。
三、动名词与现在分词的区别
（一）时态
现在分词一般表示的是进行时态，极少部分是常态；而动名词只有常态；
He is listening to pop music.
他在听流行音乐。
Anyone meeting the qualifications for the job is expected to sign up here by June 1.
任何符合该工作资格的人要求6月1日前在这里注册。
比较：My favorite activity is listening to pop music.
我最喜欢的活动是听流行音乐。
His resolution for the new year is finding a good job.
他的新年决心是找一份好工作。
What I care most is being a good babysitter.
我最关心的是做一个好的保姆。
（二）宾语
作物主代词宾语、宾格代词宾语、名词普通格宾语、名词所有格宾语的动名词
与现在分词的样子非常相近
①I saw his crossing the road. 我看见他(经常)横穿马路。
强调过马路这事（动名词），his crossing the road在句中充当广义名词成分
I saw him crossing the road. 我看见他穿过马路。
强调他这个人（现在分词），crossing the road在句中充当广义形容词成分，修饰him
②I objected to his calling me a liar.我反对他叫我骗子。
反对的是行为，calling是中心（动名词）
I objected to him calling me a liar.我反对他把叫我骗子。
反对的是人，him是中心（现在分词）
③Would you mind my opening the window?你介意我打开窗户吗？
介意的是动作，opening是焦点（动名词）
Would you mind me opening the window?我打开窗户你介意吗？
介意的是对象，me是焦点（现在分词）
④He was not impressed with their competing. 他对他们的竞争不感兴趣。
竞争没给他留下深刻印象，competing是主体（动名词）
He was not impressed with them competing. 他对他们的竞争不感兴趣。
他们没给他留下深刻印象，them是主体（现在分词）
⑤Dad enjoyed his children's running and laughing. 爸爸很喜欢孩子们又跑又笑。
喜欢的是动作，running and laughing成核心（动名词）
Dad enjoyed his children running and laughing. 爸爸喜欢他的孩子们，边跑边笑。
喜欢的是人，children成核心（现在分词）
(三)动宾结构
充当名词成分的动宾结构与现在分词短语做修饰成分时的样子几乎一模一样，需要根据上下文才能判断理解，技巧则是如何断句。
①Hunting lions can be dangerous.
如果是hunting是动名词，有动词属性，那原句可转换为下句：
It can be dangerous to hunt lions. （人类）持续地猎杀狮子是危险的，主体是人
如果是hunting 是现在分词，有形容词属性，那原句可转换为下句：
Lions that hunt can be dangerous. 正在捕猎的狮子是危险的，主体是狮子
②Henry doesn't like people telling him what to do.
如果是people telling him what to do是动名词，有动词属性，那句子的意思是，亨利不喜欢人们总是告诉他去做什么。
如果是telling him what to do是现在分词，有形容词属性，用来修饰people，Henry doesn’t like people who tell him what to do.亨利不喜欢告诉他去做什么的人们。
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